Prof. Dr. Habil. Agnieszka Krawczyk – Professor of Legal Sciences, Head of the Chair of Administrative Procedure and Judicial Review of Administration at the Faculty of Law and Administration, University of Lodz, and judge of the Voivodeship Administrative Court in Łódź.

She specialises in administrative law, administrative procedure and judicial review of administration, with particular emphasis on comparative research into Polish, Austrian and German law. Her current research focuses on procedural safeguards for individuals, the effectiveness of judicial review of administrative action, the Austrian heritage of Polish administrative procedure, the resilience of the rule of law, and the challenges posed by the use of artificial intelligence in administrative decision-making.

• 1999 – graduated in law from the Faculty of Law and Administration, University of Lodz.
• 2000–2001 – postgraduate studies in tax law at the Faculty of Law and Administration, University of Lodz.
• 2001–2004 – doctoral studies at the Faculty of Law and Administration, University of Lodz, followed by the award of a PhD in legal sciences on the basis of the dissertation The Constitutional Principle of the Right to a Court in the Case Law of the Constitutional Tribunal (Łódź 2006, University of Lodz Press).
• 2013 – awarded the postdoctoral degree of habilitation in legal sciences in the field of administrative law and administrative procedure on the basis of the monograph Enforceability of Acts and Actions of Public Administration Authorities (Warsaw 2013, Wolters Kluwer).
• 2025 – awarded the title of Professor of Legal Sciences.

Professional and academic career:

• since 1 October 2004 – affiliated with the Faculty of Law and Administration, University of Lodz; successively employed as Assistant, Assistant Professor, University Professor and currently Professor;
• 2016–2020 – Head of the Department of Comparative Administrative Procedure;
• since 2020 – Head of the Chair of Administrative Procedure and Judicial Review of Administration;
• 1999–2014 – employed at the Local Government Board of Appeal in Łódź, successively as legal officer, full-time member and Vice-President;
• 2002–2005 – legal counsel traineeship at the Regional Bar Association of Legal Counsels in Łódź, completed by admission to the register of legal counsels; removed from the register at her own request in 2014;
• 2003–2011 – provided legal services to the Office of Electronic Communications in Łódź;
• since 2014 – judge of the administrative courts: judge of the Voivodeship Administrative Court in Warsaw from 2014 to 2020; seconded to the Financial Chamber of the Supreme Administrative Court from 2018 to 2020; since 2020 judge of the Voivodeship Administrative Court in Łódź.

Research Interests

She specialises in administrative law, administrative procedure and administrative judicial proceedings. Her research combines classical legal-dogmatic analysis of procedural law with comparative law and the study of contemporary transformations of public administration and judicial review.

Her main research areas include:

• Polish-Austrian and Polish-German comparative administrative law – in particular, the influence of Austrian administrative law on the development of Polish administrative procedure and administrative enforcement. Her research addresses both the historical origins of Polish procedural institutions and their contemporary relevance for the development of administrative procedure, protection of individual rights and judicial review of administration.
• Judicial review of administration and effective legal protection – research into models of administrative justice in Poland, Austria, Germany and other European countries, with particular emphasis on the substantive decision-making powers of administrative courts, the relationship between cassatory and reformative models of adjudication, and the effectiveness of judicial protection of individuals.
• Resilience of the rule of law and effectiveness of administrative court judgments – a current line of research focusing on the implementation of court judgments by administrative authorities, the binding force of judicial legal assessments, and instruments designed to ensure the genuine effectiveness of judicial review of administration, including under conditions of institutional crisis.
• Procedural safeguards and artificial intelligence – research into the use of artificial intelligence and automation in administrative and administrative court proceedings. This includes transparency of decision-making, the right to reasons, human involvement in administrative decision-making, administrative and judicial review of decisions made with the use of AI systems, and the future of classical procedural safeguards in digital administration.
• Enforceability of administrative acts and administrative enforcement – a long-standing field of research covering enforceability, legal effectiveness and binding force of administrative acts, as well as administrative enforcement proceedings. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between the effective enforcement of public-law obligations and the protection of individual rights.
• Consensual forms of administrative action – in particular, administrative contracts, mediation and other consensual mechanisms for resolving administrative matters, with special reference to German law and the possibility of drawing on German experience in the development of Polish administrative law.

A common theme running through her research is the search for models of administrative procedure and judicial review that combine the effectiveness of state action with genuine protection of individual rights. Her research is conducted primarily from a Polish-Austrian-German comparative perspective and takes account of contemporary challenges arising from Europeanisation, the digital transformation of administration and the use of artificial intelligence.

Achievements

Her academic output comprises more than one hundred publications, including monographs, textbooks, contributions to systematic legal works and commentaries, journal articles, chapters in edited volumes and numerous case notes on judgments of administrative courts and the Constitutional Tribunal.

Her works have been published by, among others, Wolters Kluwer, C.H. Beck, University of Lodz Press, the Sejm Publishing Office and V&R unipress / Brill Deutschland, as well as in legal journals including Państwo i Prawo, Zeszyty Naukowe Sądownictwa Administracyjnego, Orzecznictwo Sądów Polskich, Samorząd Terytorialny and Przegląd Podatkowy.

Her major achievements include:

1. Monographs and books
   • The Constitutional Principle of the Right to a Court in the Case Law of the Constitutional Tribunal (Łódź 2006, University of Lodz Press) – a monograph devoted to the constitutional right to a court and its limits in light of the Polish Constitution and the case law of the Constitutional Tribunal.
   • Enforceability of Acts and Actions of Public Administration Authorities (Warsaw 2013, Wolters Kluwer) – a monograph developing a multidimensional concept of the enforceability of administrative acts, encompassing not only compulsory enforcement but also their legal effectiveness and binding force.
   • The Model of Administrative Enforcement of Monetary Obligations in Polish and Austrian Law (Warsaw 2024, Wolters Kluwer) – the result of long-term comparative research into Polish and Austrian models of administrative enforcement, including an analysis of dysfunctions in the Polish system and proposals for reform.
   • Das rechtliche Erbe Österreichs im polnischen Verwaltungsverfahren. Zum 100-jährigen Jubiläum des Allgemeinen Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetzes (AVG 1925–2025), ed. A. Krawczyk (Göttingen 2026, V&R unipress / Brill Deutschland) – an international volume devoted to the Austrian legal heritage of Polish administrative procedure and the contemporary significance of the AVG.
   • Administrative Enforcement Proceedings (Wolters Kluwer, 2026, forthcoming) – a textbook presenting administrative enforcement proceedings as a mechanism for enforcing public-law obligations, with particular attention to the legal protection of participants and judicial review of enforcement measures.
2. Research on administrative justice
   • leadership and participation in an international research project concerning reforms of administrative justice in countries of young democracy;
   • academic editor of Reformen der Verwaltungsgerichtsbarkeit in den Ländern der jungen Demokratie (Warsaw 2022, C.H. Beck);
   • publications on reforms of administrative justice, the substantive decision-making powers of administrative courts, and comparative analysis of Polish and Austrian models of judicial review of administration;
   • development of research on the effectiveness of judicial review and the resilience of the rule of law.
3. Development of Polish-Austrian academic cooperation
   • long-term research into the Austrian origins and influences of Polish administrative law and administrative procedure;
   • organisation at the University of Lodz, on 17–18 October 2025, of the international conference The Austrian Legal Heritage in Polish Administrative Procedure. On the 100th Anniversary of the Austrian General Administrative Procedure Act (AVG);
   • development of academic cooperation with Austrian scholars of public law, in particular with the University of Graz;
   • academic editor of the international volume Das rechtliche Erbe Österreichs im polnischen Verwaltungsverfahren (2026).
4. Research on artificial intelligence and the future of administrative procedure
   • research on full and partial automation of administrative proceedings and the impact of AI systems on procedural safeguards for individuals;
   • publication of the article Administrative Decisions Made with the Use of Artificial Intelligence: Current State and Prospects, Państwo i Prawo 2026, no. 4;
   • research into models of administrative and judicial review of decisions made with the use of artificial intelligence from Polish, German and Austrian perspectives.
5. Contribution to the development of the doctrine of administrative procedure
   • studies on the administrative contract in German law and the possibility of its reception into Polish law;
   • publications on mediation in administrative and administrative court proceedings;
   • research on tacit administrative decisions, interim protection, enforceability of administrative decisions, the binding force of judicial legal assessments and procedural safeguards for individuals;
   • authorship and co-authorship of systematic and commentary works in the field of administrative procedure.
6. Impact on legal practice
   • author of numerous case notes on judgments of the Supreme Administrative Court, administrative courts and the Constitutional Tribunal, concerning, among other matters, procedural safeguards, reopening of proceedings, cooperation between administrative authorities, protection of individual rights, tax proceedings and administrative enforcement proceedings;
   • expert participation in work on the reform of administrative procedure, resulting in the report Reform of Administrative Procedure Law: Report of the Expert Team on Work Conducted in 2012–2016 (Supreme Administrative Court, Warsaw 2017).
7. Academic and organisational activity
   • Head of the Chair of Administrative Procedure and Judicial Review of Administration at the University of Lodz since 2020;
   • supervisor of master’s theses and doctoral dissertations, and reviewer in doctoral and habilitation proceedings;
   • organisation and co-organisation of national and international academic conferences and seminars;
   • development of international cooperation in the fields of administrative law, administrative procedure and administrative justice.
8. Awards and distinctions
   • four-time recipient of the First-Degree Rector’s Award of the University of Lodz for academic and organisational achievements;
   • Rector’s Award of the University of Lodz for the organisation of an international academic conference on reforms of administrative justice.

ORCID: 0000-0003-3747-2493