The LST-1 and MAGIC telescopes, located at the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory in Spain, have detected OP 313, the most distant active galaxy ever observed in very-high-energy gamma rays. The observations have helped constrain the density of the Extragalactic Background Light (EBL) and provided valuable insights into particle acceleration processes occurring within the source. The results have…

Łódź spent many years struggling with the stereotype of a neglected, post-industrial city lacking the typical attractions associated with tourism. However, recent research shows that perceptions of the city are changing significantly. What attracts visitors? How does post-industrial Łódź inspire creative activity? And what more can be done to strengthen its tourism potential? These questions are…

In summer, it can take as little as a few dozen minutes for a calm blue sky to turn into a dark wall of clouds and for silence to be broken by thunder. Where do thunderstorms actually come from, how can we tell that one is approaching and what should we do when it is already overhead? Natalia Rosińska, a graduate of the Faculty of Geographical Sciences at the University of Lodz and a member of…

They do not wear tailor-made uniforms and they do not write official reports, yet they can detect concealed goods faster and more effectively than many specialist devices. Who are they? The dogs of the Customs and Tax Service, who are exceptionally busy during the holiday season.

Pickling cucumbers may seem quite straightforward. First, the vegetables are placed in a jar, covered with water and salt, enriched with garlic, dill and spices, and then left to sit. Inside the jar, however, a remarkable biological and chemical transformation begins. mgr Emilia Paszkowska, a doctoral candidate at the Bio-Med-Chem Doctoral School of the University of Lodz and Lodz Institutes of…

Why did Łódź’s town charter disappear? When did a lion appear in the city’s coat of arms? What links the beginnings of the University of Lodz with the Grand Hotel and do rivers really flow beneath the city? To mark the 603rd anniversary of Łódź, we recommend the podcast “Łódź poprzez wieki. Rozmowy jak przy kawie” [Łódź Through the Centuries. Conversations Over Coffee], filled with stories that…

After several years of research, a team led by Dr Dawid Kobiałka from the Institute of Archaeology at the University of Lodz has discovered the graves of Polish soldiers in Łambinowice. These are the first identified burials of Poles who died in captivity within the Lamsdorf camp complex during the Second World War.

One day we are looking for shade and ways to survive temperatures approaching 40°C. A few days later, we are putting on jackets, sheltering from the rain and wondering whether summer is already over. Where do such abrupt changes come from? Is this weather roller coaster something natural, or is it yet another consequence of climate change? The anomalies of the Polish summer are explained by mgr…

The Battle of Grunwald is one of the most recognisable events in Polish history. Over more than six centuries, however, it has become surrounded by legends that are often difficult to separate from historical fact. Did Jagiełło’s forces enjoy an overwhelming numerical advantage? Were the two swords intended as an insult? And why was Malbork not captured after the victory? The most widespread…

Summer is a particularly busy season for archaeological fieldwork. The ruins of a Renaissance fortified manor house in Mikorzyce, in Bełchatów County stand on a tree-covered mound surrounded by an old moat. Although they now resemble the remains of a small castle, the site was once an exceptional residence consisting of two connected buildings. Archaeological investigations at the site are being…

A crisp exterior, a soft interior and a distinctive aroma – the perfect chip is much more than a piece of potato immersed in hot oil. During frying, a series of complex physical and chemical processes takes place, transforming the potato’s structure at the molecular level. It is these processes that determine the texture, flavour and appearance of one of the world’s most popular foods. Dr inż.…

Prof. Aneta Pawłowska and Dr Adam Drozdowski from the Institute of History of Art at the University of Lodz travelled to Istanbul together with UniLodz students. They took part in the international Erasmus+ BIP programme “Contested Issues in Museums”, organised within the framework of the UNIC Alliance. For a week, students and lecturers from Poland, Germany and Turkey visited museums,…

“Pogoda pod psem” [rotten weather], “nie dla psa kiełbasa” [not for the likes of you], “potrzebny jak pies w kościele” [be a fifth wheel/totally useless] – it is with such phrases that the meeting begins, and with every passing minute it becomes less about language and more about ourselves. Why do we love dogs? Do we truly understand their needs, or do we instead project our own emotions and…

June is celebrated around the world as Pride Month. It is a time when LGBTQ+ people and allies remind us of the right to equal treatment, safety and living without hiding one’s identity. One of the most important reference points for these celebrations are the events that took place in 1969 in New York, at the Stonewall Inn bar.

Anthropogenic transformation of the biosphere has led to a rapid increase in biological invasions. This process is widely recognised as one of the main drivers of the contemporary biodiversity crisis, second only to, among other things, the direct destruction and fragmentation of habitats. This intriguing phenomenon will be discussed by dr hab. Grzegorz J. Wolski from the Department of Geobotany…

The University of Lodz has once again become a partner of the Wiosła Kultury awards – an initiative recognising individuals and events that shape the form and energy of cultural life in the city. This year, individuals and initiatives connected with the University of Lodz were recognised in as many as three categories: Debut, Event and Animator. Their presence among the nominees is a clear sign of…

Men often do not say directly that they are suffering from depression or anxiety disorders. Instead, they complain of fatigue, burnout and a feeling that they can no longer cope with everyday demands. On the occasion of International Men’s Mental Health Awareness Month, Dr Andrzej Śliwerski from the Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Lodz, explains how to recognise a crisis, why men…

The 5th edition of the Innovation Laboratory at the University of Lodz – a programme that demonstrates just how much can happen when young people are given space to act – has come to an end. It is not only a competition for high school students, but above all an experience in which ideas travel from first inspiration to refined, tested solutions.

In the second edition of the Prof. Mirosław Przybylski Competition for the Best Popular Science Text, 46 submissions were received, while the competition for a popular science film attracted 9 productions. We would like to thank everyone who made the effort and took part in these initiatives. Below we present the full list of award winners.

A night full of fire, water, divinations and stories about the extraordinary fern flower has stirred the imagination for centuries. The significance of Kupala Night and St John’s Eve is explained by Dr Ewelina Kostrzewska, a cultural anthropologist from the Faculty of Philosophy and History, University of Lodz.

What empathy truly is, why it plays such an important role in building an open community and where support can be sought at the University of Lodz is discussed by mgr Marta Nowacka from the Support and Accessibility Centre of the University of Lodz.

Orchids are among the most popular houseplants, admired for their long-lasting and spectacular blooms. However, it turns out that those purchased in supermarkets have very little in common with their wild relatives growing in the jungle!

Can queer literature be confined to a single era, a single name or a single set of themes? According to Dr Jarosław Milewski from the Faculty of Philology at the University of Lodz – definitely not. This story begins much earlier than contemporary debates on identity and representation. It reaches back to the classics, runs through Oscar Wilde, and today returns in new interpretations of older…

“We joke with my husband that Ola got us as a gift for Children’s Day, as our first meeting with her took place on 1 June exactly two years ago. It is not always easy or perfect, as we are raising a deeply hurt child who has so far been let down by the world. Adults have let her down. Still, it is worth taking on this challenge. There is no greater life satisfaction than knowing that this…

In recent years, DNA barcoding has become one of the most important tools supporting research and monitoring of biodiversity worldwide. This rapidly developing technology not only revolutionises species identification but also plays an increasingly important role in nature conservation and the shaping of environmental policy. Recent scientific publications show that the further development of this…

Biodiversity is the foundation of life on Earth. It is connected by an invisible web of relationships upon which the functioning of nature, the economy and humanity depends. Although we often notice only its most beautiful manifestations, such as spring landscapes full of flowers and birds, contemporary data shows that this delicate system is undergoing serious disruption.

The story of a covert microbiological struggle during the Second World War reads like the script of a thriller: two doctors, a makeshift laboratory in a backyard shed, Proteus bacteria and a brilliant idea that made it possible to save thousands of inhabitants of the Stalowa Wola region from the occupier’s repression. For many years, it remained almost unknown; today, thanks to the work of, among…

On the centenary of radio in Poland, media researchers, cultural studies scholars and broadcasting practitioners will gather for the academic conference "100 lat radia: teksty, technologie, społeczności" [100 Years of Radio: Texts, Technologies, Communities]. The event will provide a space for reflection on the contemporary shape of radio, the transformation of its genres and its relationship with…

At the conclusion of the Healthy Urban Regeneration Congress, held on 5–6 May 2026 at EC1, the floor was given to those who will help shape the future of cities in the decades to come – students from four Łódź universities. In the Oxford-style debate entitled “The city extends life”, representatives of the University of Lodz, Lodz University of Technology, the Strzemiński Academy of Fine Arts Łódź…

Has the Polish flag always looked the same? Is 2 May the only possible date for its celebration? The history of the white-and-red colours is full of disputes, symbolic nuances and decisions that were by no means obvious.

Long May weekend smells of smoke and a hot grill. You can hear the clatter of tongs, laughter at a table and that quiet conviction that eating outdoors is healthier. However, alongside all the carefree grilling, a question resurfaces every year that can no longer be dismissed with a shrug: is grilling harmful to your health?

The latest exhibition in the crypts of the Basilica of the Birth of the Virgin Mary, Chełm is the result of interdisciplinary research, in which researchers from the Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, played a key role. Thanks to their work, tourists can now look into the eyes of witnesses to history from eight centuries ago.

It resembles jelly, yet has the precision of a well-programmed device. Scientists from the Faculty of Chemistry at the University of Lodz have participated in the research, conducted in cooperation with researchers from the Gdańsk University of Technology and French partners from the Léon Brillouin Laboratory in Saclay. Hydrogels that could become the basis for modern wound dressings that release…

Infection with Helicobacter pylori affects many people, often remains asymptomatic, yet in the long term may lead to serious diseases, including gastritis, gastric or duodenal ulcers and even gastric cancer. We talk to dr hab. Weronika Gonciarz, Associate Professor at the University of Lodz, from the Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology at the Faculty of Biology and Environmental…

Air, greenery, infrastructure and spatial design are becoming increasingly important not only for quality of life but also for physical and mental health. This is precisely what the 6th International Healthy Urban Regeneration Congress, which will be held on 5 – 6 May 2026, at EC1 Łódź, will be dedicated to.

There are traces of history that we pass by every day and rarely notice. They aren’t shown in museum displays and they don’t appear in textbooks, but instead... they linger in the names of places we pronounce almost instinctively. On the occasion of the Baptism of Poland Day, we should take a closer look at them, as they can tell a surprising amount about the earliest history of the Polish state.

The ongoing conflict involving the United States, Israel and Iran is entering a new phase of intensified military operations. Dr Mateusz Piątkowski from the Faculty of Law and Administration at the University of Lodz discusses its nature, scale and legal uncertainties.

On Wet Monday, water is poured symbolically – from hoses and squirt guns. Increasingly, however, this festive gesture hides a less cheerful question: do we really have enough water to splash around with? Dr Zbigniew Kaczkowski from the Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection at the University of Lodz discusses what this winter tells us, what a hydrological drought actually is and whether…

What would the world be without water? Probably the same as UniLodz without its community. That's why, on Wet Monday, we remind you that water is important and our scientists are studying it in many ways!

The same character appears on Easter cards and among chocolate eggs every year – an animal with long ears that heralds Easter. But is it really a hare? Or maybe a rabbit? Dr Katarzyna Majecka from the Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, discusses the origins of this confusion and why biologists don't equate them.

Nothing on the Easter table makes as much of a splash as mayonnaise. It’s unassuming, creamy and ubiquitous. It is added to salads, to eggs and even in bundt cakes – it’s not magic that we all love it; it’s chemistry. Dr inż. Paulina Bartos from the Faculty of Chemistry at the University of Lodz, told us what really happens inside the jar and why the festive flavour starts with an emulsion.

"We should remember that a person developing on the autism spectrum is, above all, a person who needs to develop and be happy. We need to consider their needs, be sensitive to their signals and understand that they might be fed up with something or disagree with something" – emphasises Dr Krystyna Pomorska from the Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychopathology at the Faculty of Educational…

The 38th international conference of the Stowarzyszenie PR i Promocji Uczelni Polskich (Association of PR and Promotion of Polish Universities) "PRom" has just concluded. It was held on 22-25 March of the current year at the Jagiellonian University. Our university – led by Vice-Rector Krzysztof Pabis – was represented by representatives of the Centre for Brand Communications, Centre for External…

There are some place names that sound like they were made up after the third helping of vegetable salad. Easter Island falls into this category without a doubt. Can you seriously believe that somewhere in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, there exists an island named exactly like our Easter breakfast, the mazurek (Polish Easter tart) and the egg with mayonnaise? Yes, it does exist, and what's more,…

31 March marks International Transgender Day of Visibility. It's a good opportunity to pause for a moment to reflect on a topic that's still riddled with simplifications, fears and simple ignorance. However, as Dr Aleksandra Sobańska from the Institute of Sociology, University of Lodz, an ally and author of the book "Polska T. Polskie doświadczenia transpłciowych kobiet w perspektywie…

The anniversary edition of the Festival of Expression of Amateur Creators (F.E.T.A.) took place with the University of Lodz as a partner. The reason is obvious – we share the same values: courage, openness and curiosity about the world. These are the very values that drive us to support young creators and organisers who passionately develop their talents each year. Last Friday, 27 March 2026 the…

The University of Lodz has honoured the most talented graduates of the Strzemiński Academy of Fine Arts in Lodz for the second time, awarding the main prize and a honourable mention in the Prime Time 2025 competition. The University of Lodz popular science jury, chaired by dr hab. Krzysztof Pabis, Associate Professor at the University of Lodz and the UniLodz Vice-Rector for Popularisation of…

Andrzej Sapkowski, the world's most recognisable contemporary fantasy writer and VIP Alumnus of the University of Lodz, is celebrating the 40th anniversary of his literary debut. This anniversary takes on particular significance in Lodz, as 2026 has officially been designated the Year of Andrzej Sapkowski's "The Witcher". It is in this unique context that dr hab. Natalia Lemann, Associate…

8 March is a day on which we particularly recognise the presence, contribution and achievements of the women who help shape our university. Researchers, experts, lecturers, students, doctoral students and administrative staff set the pace here every day, bringing openness, respect, curiosity, commitment and a willingness to cooperate. These are the values that form the foundation of the University…

The opening of Klaudia Stańko's exhibition "Tomorrow You" will be held at the Wozownia 1/5 Gallery at the Biedermann’s Palace on Thursday, 5 March 2026 at 7:00 p.m. The collection of unique objects draws on transhumanism – the idea of transcending human biological limitations through the development of science and technology. During the opening, a short power speech will be delivered by dr hab.…

Hop, hop, hop! – thanks to the TV series 1670, this saying has entered everyday language and become one of the most recognisable symbols of contemporary ideas about the old nobility. However, did the Sarmatians really speak like that? And how much of what we know about them today is fact, and how much is a myth? Dr Joanna Orzeł from the Department of Early Modern History at the Faculty of…

It's time for an investment that will benefit us all. The University of Lodz Biobank, or the Centre for Digital Biology and Biomedical Sciences – Biobank Łódź, stores precisely described biological samples – an invaluable source of knowledge about humans, the natural environment, diseases and viruses. Thanks to these samples, scientists can better understand the mechanisms of health and disease,…

What truly constitutes a good life – pleasure, peace, a sense of purpose or perhaps the ability to see the world in the right light? Why does the happiness so many people seek so often seem to elude us? We'll hear about whether it's possible to learn to live well and what philosophy has to say about it in this podcast with Prof. Katarzyna de Lazari-Radek, a philosopher and an ethicist from the…

Let's start with the obvious: love has infinite facets. We can love another person, beautiful weather, our homeland or a dog (to mitigate potential escalations: you can love a cat too!). Tomorrow we observe the Global Love Day – a world-renowned celebration of loving another person. But what about its most important form? The one without which even the warmest and most sincere feelings for others…

Radio isn't dead. It's just changed its address. Sometimes it lives in a kitchen speaker, sometimes in headphones, sometimes in archives open on Spotify. So, on World Radio Day, we should ask not whether radio will survive, but what it gives us when we really listen. And why, as two researchers from the Faculty of Philology at the University of Lodz, Dr Joanna Bachura-Wojtasik and Dr Natalia…

When we were children and our mother called us for dinner at the same time every day, we rebelled. It turns out, however, that mother always knows best, and her dietary strictness is supported by biology. We give the floor to Prof. Aneta Balcerczyk from the Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz – a researcher who connects the world of microscopy and laboratories with…

February is a month when we place particular emphasis on science and its creators. 11 February is International Day of Women and Girls in Science, and 19 February is Polish Science Day. Today, we give the floor to female scientists from the University of Lodz in a series of podcasts recorded with Radio 357. Through the statements of the women featured in the recordings, we want to symbolically…

A variety of disciplines, diverse perspectives and one common theme – the female body. On Friday, 23 January 2026, at 6:00 p.m., the University Gallery at M. Skłodowskiej-Curie11 will host a discussion with experts from three fields: biological anthropology, sociology and art. They will discuss how canons of beauty affect our bones, why the female body still functions in a male world, and how art…

Just put on your goggles – we'll take care of the rest! – the first edition of the "zaVRoty" Festival, which the University of Lodz partners with, will be held in Lodz. It features five weekends of narrative VR experiences, conversations with creators and researchers, as well as discussions about immersive art. The festival demonstrates that VR isn't just about games – it also encompasses…

We are proud to present the works awarded in the first Competition for the best popular science article of the University of Lodz. We encourage you to read the material that has taken the first place in the team category authored by Patrycja Pych, Julia Saiko, Małgorzata Wielgus, Adrianna Zalewska and Nikola Zaniewicz, students of Forensic Biology at the Faculty of Biology and Environmental…

We are proud to present the works awarded in the first Competition for the Best Popular Science Article of the University of Lodz. We encourage you to read the material that has taken the first place in the individual category authored by Małgorzata Adamkiewicz. The second edition of the competition is ahead of us.

"Most of my works are connected by an archetypal image of femininity. I carefully examine issues related to the body, femininity and its ambiguous nature, treated as a cultural construct subject to constant transformation" – says Beata Marcinkowska from the Strzeminski Academy of Fine Arts Łódź, describing the exhibition "(Nie)dopasowane" [(Mis)matched] whose opening will be held on 28 November…

It was a month full of cinema, conversations and inspirations. Throughout October, the University of Lodz passionately and actively co-created two important cultural events in Lodz – the Camera Action Festival and the "Man in Danger" Media Festival. We demonstrated that Academic Lodz is a space where science meets culture, and that our university community actively shapes the city's artistic and…

What does urbanity in Poland look like in the 21st century? Does the division between Poland A and Poland B still persist? Why are "suburbs" better places to live than city centres but their development could kill urban areas? Prof. Kamil Śmiechowski, a historian and the Head of the University of Lodz Interdisciplinary Centre for Urban Studies, answers these and many other questions in a…

US police raided the Stonewall Inn, a popular gay bar in Greenwich Village, Manhattan on 28 June 1969. At that time, services regularly raided such places and made violent arrests. This event was the last straw. For the first time, LGBTQ+ people have decided to protest on a massive scale. The crowds took to the streets of New York and their activities were the first ever demonstration of its kind,…

The Nobel Prize is one of the most prestigious awards in the world, conferred for achievements that change our reality and shape the future. Since 1901, it has honoured outstanding achievements in the fields of physics, chemistry, medicine or physiology, literature, peacekeeping and – since 1969 – economics. The Nobel awards ceremony is traditionally held on 10 December, on the anniversary of the…

We warmly invite you to a unique event organised as part of the Science Inspires initiative, taking place on 10 December 2024, from 12:00 p.m. to 2:00 p.m. at the Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz.

6 October is World Cerebral Palsy Day and with it the tenth National Social Campaign #17million, initiated by the Colorful World Children's Aid Foundation from Lodz. The aim of the campaign and the activities undertaken as part of it is to sensitise Polish society to the problem of cerebral palsy (CP) and to draw attention to the everyday lives of people affected by the disease. The University of…

The Ministry of Science and Higher Education has announced the winners of the Minister of Science scholarships for outstanding young scientists in 2024 (19th edition). Rectors of universities and directors of institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences, presented 1,708 applications for scholarships for outstanding young scientists demonstrating significant achievements in scientific activity. Two…

Dr Izabela Stachowicz and Prof Philippe Kok are researchers whose careers are closely linked to Venezuela. Their findings and research results are published in top scientific journals. Having contact with one of the most biodiverse natural environments on the planet, they also do not stop spreading knowledge about the ecological catastrophe that is happening to this unique land. Deforestation,…

In the changing landscape of science communication, the book entitled "How Citizens View Science Communication: Pathways to Knowledge" appears as a critical examination of the dynamic relationship between the public and the dissemination of scientific knowledge. The publication, which has been published by the prestigious Routledge book publisher, presents an analysis of the results of the…

Prof. Marjaana Kangas from the University of Lapland will be the guest of the University in Lodz in mid-March. Although she is a specialist in playful and game-based learning, her presence in our city will be an opportunity to talk about a completely different topic. There will be a meeting in English for the general public about contemporary life in Lapland in the context of climate change that…

On 19 February, on Polish Science Day, we encourage you to listen to an excellent lecture by Prof. Maciej Henneberg entitled "The Process of Human Evolution". In the fourth quarter of last year, Professor Maciej Henneberg, one of the world's most eminent biological anthropologists and a Professor at the University of Adelaide, received the Doctor Honoris Causa title from the University of Lodz.…

What obstacles did first generation students face in the early years after the Second World War? And how might their biographies help us plan initiatives to expand a university's inclusivity? These and other questions are answered by Dr Agata Zysiak in the Transformative Podcast by the Research Center for the History of Transformations, University of Vienna. This is a continuation of the…

The exhibition: "Tropical Paradise in the Anthropocene Era. Discovering the Rich Marine Life of West Africa” can be seen in the main hall of the Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection of the University of Lodz, Stefana Banacha 12/16 until 15 March 2024. The presentation prepared by the team of Prof. Krzysztof Pabis is a result of work on organisms discovered during a research expedition…

The University of Lodz and the City Library in Lodz will officially begin cooperation in the area of initiatives to popularise science, among other things, in the field of art & science. The collaboration will be inaugurated during a meeting which will be held on Friday (19 January) at 6:00 p.m. at the MeMo Library (St. Moniuszki 5). After a short official part, guests will take part in a lecture…

A referendum in which, in point no. 5, Venezuelans were asked about their opinion on the annexation of the territories of neighbouring Guyana, which have been in dispute between the countries for over 120 years, was held on 3 December. A possible seizure of 2/3 of Guyana's territory would provide Venezuela with access to the shelf in the Atlantic Ocean with oil deposits. Dr Mateusz Piątkowski, an…

Dr Aleksandra Mroczek-Żulicka from the Faculty of Geographical Sciences at the University of Lodz is the author of the doctoral dissertation titled "Rola organizacji miejskiej przestrzeni rekreacyjnej w rozwoju plenerowej rekreacji twórczej. Przykład Łodzi" [The role of urban recreation space organisation in the development of outdoor creative recreation. The example of Lodz]. In her dissertation…

"Science Inspires" on YouTube is a new channel of the University of Lodz, thanks to which we will provide fascinating and important information from the world of science. Researchers representing various fields of knowledge will talk about the latest research, present interesting discoveries or explain complex phenomena in a way that is understandable to a wide audience. In the "Science Inspires"…

The new school year has just started and we are publishing an expert commentary by Dr Kinga Stopczyńska, a social media specialist from the Department of Marketing at the Faculty of Management, University of Lodz. The author, who has been analysing the often radically different attitudes of parents and children towards social media, points out pros and cons of our children's active presence on…

The Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society published the results of Prof. Philippe Kok research, who classified a new genus and a new species of snake, and dedicated its name to Prof. Andrzej Kruk, Dean of the Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection of the University of Lodz.

The Department of General Biophysics at the Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection of the University of Lodz has been building strong relations with similar research centres around the world for decades. The cooperation brings numerous effects in the form of research development, publications, opportunities to obtain grants, but above all, it enables continuous, real communication between…

The just-completed 4-year research project implemented as part of the Polish-German edition of Beethoven 2 grants is yet another result of the already 45-year-long cooperation between the University of Lodz and the German Justus Liebig University in Giessen. It concerned the use of substances, generally known as imidazole derivatives, for the production of new organic compounds, potentially useful…

We are already in the third decade of the 21st century. Are we living in the future we imagined twenty years ago? As we read in the journal “Nature”, a recently published meta-analysis, which took into account 45 million publications and nearly 4 million patents from the years 1945-2010 (DOI 10.1038/s41586-022-05543-x), indicates that although the amount of accumulated scientific knowledge is…